Jargon
This is specific to GBM
GBM:glioblastoma(brain cancer). also known as glioblastoma multiform. Glioblastoma is one of a group of tumors called astrocytomas
GBM4: shorthand and unofficial name for glioblastoma grade 4 astrocytomas .Primary Brain cancers are not staged because less than 1% will spread. Instead they are graded to indicate how aggressive they are. Grade 4 or high grade glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain cancer. Lower grades are different types of gliomas/astrocytomas and less aggressive than GBM4
IDH mutations(1, 2, and wildtype): Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2, originally occur in the vast majority of low grade gliomas and secondary high grade gliomas. These mutations, which occur early in gliomagenesis, change the function of the enzymes, causing them to produce 2-hydroxyglutarate, a possible oncometabolite, and to not produce NADPH. IDH mutations are oncogenic, although whether the mechanism is through alterations in hydroxylases, redox potential, cellular metabolism, or gene expression is not clear. The mutations also drive increased methylation in gliomas. Gliomas with mutated IDH1 and IDH2 have improved prognosis compared to gliomas with wild-type IDH(source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4109985/).
MGMT methylated vs unmethylated): Methylation of the MGMT gene promoter has been observed in approximately 40-50% of grade IV gliomas, commonly referred to as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) [1]. Remarkably,methylation of the remaining allele completely blocks MGMT-mediated DNA repair
GBM:glioblastoma(brain cancer). also known as glioblastoma multiform. Glioblastoma is one of a group of tumors called astrocytomas
GBM4: shorthand and unofficial name for glioblastoma grade 4 astrocytomas .Primary Brain cancers are not staged because less than 1% will spread. Instead they are graded to indicate how aggressive they are. Grade 4 or high grade glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain cancer. Lower grades are different types of gliomas/astrocytomas and less aggressive than GBM4
IDH mutations(1, 2, and wildtype): Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2, originally occur in the vast majority of low grade gliomas and secondary high grade gliomas. These mutations, which occur early in gliomagenesis, change the function of the enzymes, causing them to produce 2-hydroxyglutarate, a possible oncometabolite, and to not produce NADPH. IDH mutations are oncogenic, although whether the mechanism is through alterations in hydroxylases, redox potential, cellular metabolism, or gene expression is not clear. The mutations also drive increased methylation in gliomas. Gliomas with mutated IDH1 and IDH2 have improved prognosis compared to gliomas with wild-type IDH(source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4109985/).
MGMT methylated vs unmethylated): Methylation of the MGMT gene promoter has been observed in approximately 40-50% of grade IV gliomas, commonly referred to as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) [1]. Remarkably,methylation of the remaining allele completely blocks MGMT-mediated DNA repair
Given its relatively high frequency in GBM, which may vary based on the method that is used for its assessment, MGMT gene promoter methylation has been investigated as a potential biomarker of sensitivity to alkylating chemotherapy, including temozolomide (TMZ). Originally, the first evidence that associated MGMT methylation status and response to TMZ emerged from the ‘Stupp trial’ [3]. This study established a new standard of care based on chemo-radiotherapy following surgical management for newly diagnosed GBMs, as it showed the superiority of TMZ given concomitantly with radiotherapy, and then sequentially as single agent for up to six cycles versusradiotherapy alone [4].(source: https://oncologypro.esmo.org/education-library/factsheets-on-biomarkers/mgmt-promoter-methylation-in-glioma)
Newer pathology reports may tell you what percentage of the tumor is methylated.
Newer pathology reports may tell you what percentage of the tumor is methylated.
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